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>> I'M DR. ERIC FOX,

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THE IONIC LIQUID SCIENCE LEAD

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AT NASA'S

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MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER.

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>> I'M DR. JENNIFER EDMUNSON,

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A PLANETARY SCIENTIST

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AND IN-SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION

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INTEGRATION LEAD FOR

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IN-SPACE MANUFACTURING.

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HERE AT NASA'S MARSHALL

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SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, WE ARE

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WORKING WITH MATERIAL THAT,

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WHEN MIXED WITH MARTIAN SOIL

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AND CURED BY A DEHYDRATION

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PROCESS, WILL FORM

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A BUILDING MATERIAL THAT

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POTENTIALLY COULD BE USED

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TO 3D PRINT HABITATS, ROADS,

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OR OTHER STRUCTURES.

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ADDITIVE CONSTRUCTION IS

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THE PROCESS OF 3D PRINTING

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STRUCTURES.

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IT IS EXACTLY LIKE

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ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING,

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BUT ON A LARGER SCALE.

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NASA IS INTERESTED IN

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3D PRINTING HABITATS BECAUSE

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IT REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF

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BUILDING MATERIAL NEEDED, AND

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SUBSEQUENTLY, WASTE MATERIAL

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WHEN COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL

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CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES,

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AND IT ALLOWS FLEXIBILITY

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IN THE TYPE OF STRUCTURES

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PRINTED WITH THE SAME DEVICE.

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NASA IS ALSO INTERESTED IN

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TAKING THE SMALLEST AMOUNT

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OF MATERIAL NECESSARY

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TO BUILD STRUCTURES FROM EARTH,

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BECAUSE IT TAKES A LARGE AMOUNT

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OF MONEY AND RESOURCES TO LAUNCH

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AND TRANSPORT HEAVY ITEMS

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LIKE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.

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THAT IS WHY NASA WANTS TO USE

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MATERIALS WE CAN FIND

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ON PLANETARY SURFACES, SUCH AS

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THE MINERALS THAT MAKE UP

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THE MARTIAN SOIL.

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QUITE A FEW MINERALS CONTAIN

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SODIUM AND SILICON DIOXIDE.

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TWO SUCH MINERALS ARE

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ALIBITE AND SODIUM BENTONITE.

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BOTH OF THESE MINERALS

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EXIST ON MARS.

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OUR PROJECT USES

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IONIC LIQUIDS TO SEPARATE

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THE SODIUM AND SILICON DIOXIDE

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IN THE MINERALS, AND THEN

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EMPLOYS CHEMICAL PROCESSES

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TO TRANSFORM THE MATERIAL

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INTO OUR 3D PRINTABLE BINDER

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MATERIAL, SODIUM SILICATE.

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>> IONIC LIQUIDS ARE

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A VERSATILE CLASS OF MATERIALS

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THAT ARE POTENTIALLY USEFUL IN

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MANY NASA-RELEVANT APPLICATIONS.

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OF PARTICULAR INTEREST

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TO THIS PROCESS IS THEIR ABILITY

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TO CHEMICALLY DISSOLVE

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MARTIAN REGOLITH, ALLOWING FOR

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THE RECOVERY OF HIGH PURITY

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SINGLE ELEMENTS, SUCH AS

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SODIUM, FROM THE SOIL.

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ADDITIONALLY, AS THIS PROCESS

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CONSUMES NO IONIC LIQUID,

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NO CHEMICAL RESUPPLY OTHER THAN

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THE INITIAL IONIC LIQUID MASS

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WILL BE REQUIRED TO ALLOW FOR

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THE PROCESSING OF

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A THEORETICALLY INFINITE

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AMOUNT OF MARTIAN REGOLITH.

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WHILE THE CHEMICAL PROCESS

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TO PRODUCE CEMENT-LIKE MATERIALS

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USING A SODIUM SILICATE BINDER

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IS QUITE SIMPLE, THE DESIGN

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OF A CEMENT THAT IS BOTH

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SUITABLE FOR EXTRUSION FROM

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A 3D PRINTER, BUT THAT

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ALSO PROVIDES THE REQUIRED

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

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TO PRODUCE A STRUCTURE, IS

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QUITE COMPLICATED.

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THIS STUDY EXAMINED A NUMBER OF

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PROPERTIES OF CEMENT, SUCH AS

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THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

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OF REGOLITH, THE RATIO

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OF BINDER TO AGGREGATE, AND

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THE INCLUSION OF ADDITIVES

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SUCH AS GLASS FIBER,

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AND QUANTIFIED THE EFFECT

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THAT THESE PROPERTIES HAD

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ON THE SUITABILITY OF USE FOR

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PARTICULAR CEMENT COMPOSITIONS

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IN 3D PRINTING PROCESSES.

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OVERALL, THE OVERLAP OF

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CEMENT COMPOSITIONS THAT

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PROVIDE BOTH SUITABILITY FOR

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PRINTING OR EXTRUSION FROM

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A PRINT NOZZLE WHILE ALSO

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PROVIDING THE MECHANICAL

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PROPERTIES REQUIRED TO PRODUCE

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A STRUCTURE IS QUITE LIMITED.

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HOWEVER, FURTHER REFINEMENT

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OF THE PROCESS-- IN PARTICULAR,

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THE DESIGN OF CUSTOM 3D PRINT

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HEADS DESIGNED FOR USE WITH

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MARTIAN REGOLITH-- SHOULD ALLOW

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FOR THIS SET OF STUDIES

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TO BE EXPANDED,

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AND THE EVENTUAL CONSTRUCTION

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OF HABITATS ON MARS USING